Glucosamine (D-Glucosamine) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids, is used as a dietary supplement. Glucosamine also is a natural constituent of glycosaminoglycans in the cartilage matrix and synovial fluid, which when administered exogenously, exerts pharmacological effects on osteoarthritic cartilage and chondrocytes^[1]. In Vitro: Glucosamine (D-Glucosamine) exhibits dose-dependent DPPH antioxidant activity^[2].
Glucosamine treatment of Short-term (4 h) inhibits HIF-1α at the protein level, decreases phosphorylation of p70S6K and S6, translation-related proteins^[3].
Glucosamine significantly decreases renal expression of α-smooth muscle actin, collagen I, and fibronectin in the obstructed kidneys and TGF-β1-treated renal cells^[4].